THERMAL SCIENCE

International Scientific Journal

KEY DESIGN FEATURES OF MULTI-VACUUM GLAZING FOR WINDOWS: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT
The use of vacuum glazed windows is increasing due to their application in mod-ern building design. Among various types of vacuum glazed windows reported in literature, thermal transmittance of single glass sheet (conventional window) i. e 6 W/m2k is reduced by 66 and 77% using air filled double glazed and air filled triple glazed windows, respectively. Using low emittance coatings thermal transmittance of double glazed windows is reduced by 53%, however it offsets the visibility by reduc-ing light transmittance by 5%. Stresses due to temperature/pressure gradients if not eliminated may lead to reduction in service life of vacuum glazed windows. Vacuum created between the glass sheets is used to reduce conductive heat transfer. Degrada-tion in the vacuum is caused by number of factors such as, permeation of gaseous molecules through glass sheets, leakage through sealing, thermal/optical desorption, and photo-fragmentation of organic species have been critically reviewed and future trends are outlined.
KEYWORDS
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2015-10-06
PAPER REVISED: 2016-02-22
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2016-03-02
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2016-03-12
DOI REFERENCE: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI151006051A
CITATION EXPORT: view in browser or download as text file
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR 2017, VOLUME 21, ISSUE Issue 6, PAGES [2673 - 2687]
REFERENCES
  1. "British Standards Institution BS 8233, Code of practice for sound insulation and noise reductions of buildings," 1987.
  2. M S Adams and F McManus, "Noise and Noise Law: A practical approach," Wiley Chancery Law, London, 1994.
  3. E Cuce and B Saffa, "Vacuum tube window technology for highly insulating building fabric: An experimental and numerical investigation," Vacuum, pp. 83 - 91, 2015.
  4. K Hassouneh, A Alshboul, and A Al-Salaymeh, "Influence of windows on the energy balance of apartment buildings in Amman," Energy Conversion Management, vol. 50, pp. 1583 - 1591, 2010.
  5. Y Huang, J Niu, and T Chung, "Comprehensive analysis on thermal and daylighting performance of glazing and shading designs on office building envelope in cooling-dominant climates," Applied Energy, vol. 134, pp. 215-228, 2014.
  6. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency Trends in Residential and Commercial Buildings. Washington DC: McGraw-Hill Construction, 2010.
  7. Frances Gillian Weir, "Life cycle assessment of multi-glazed windows," 1998.
  8. Matthias M Koebel, Manz Heinrich, and Karl Emanuel Mayerhofer, "Service-life limitations in vacuum glazing : A transient pressure balance model," Solar EnergyMaterials&SolarCells , vol. 94, pp. 1015-1024, 2010.
  9. "CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting," London, 1984.
  10. R E Collins and T M Simko, "Current status of the science and technology of vacuum glazing," Solar Energy, vol. 62, pp. 189-213, 1998.
  11. A C Fischer-Cripps, R E Collins, G M Turner, and E Bezzel, "Stresses and fracture probability in evacuated glazing," Building and Environment, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 41-59, 1995.
  12. D Van Dijk and L Bakker, "Development of a European advanced window information system (WIS)," in Proceedings of Window Innovations '95: State of the art window technologies for energy efficiency in buildings, Toronto, 1995.
  13. J Dawar, Collected papers of sir james dawar, edited by lady dawar.: Cambridge University press, Cambridge university., 1927.
  14. A Zoller, Hohle glasschiebe, Deutsches Patent schrift No. 387655., 1913.
  15. S Ghoshal and S Neogi, "Advance Glazing System - Energy Efficiency Approach for Buildings a Review," Energy Procedia, vol. 54, pp. 352 - 358, 2014.
  16. I M Kirling, "Insulating pane," patent number, 1,370, 974, 1921.
  17. L W Whattan and I M Myres, "Manufacturing process for insulating panels or tiles," Patent no 921 946, 1947.
  18. F R Calons, "Transparent insulating panel," Patent no 74 43339, 1976.
  19. G Falbel, "Evacuated dual glazing system," Patent No. 4,184,480, 1976.
  20. E Bachli, "Heat insulating construction and/or lighting element," Application number PCT/CH 86/00166, 1987.
  21. R E Collins, A C Fischer-Cripps, and J Z Tang, "Transparent evacuated glazing," Solar Energy, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 333 - 350, 1992.
  22. R E Collins and S J Robinson, "Evacuated Glazing," Solar Energy, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 27 - 28, 1991.
  23. Pilkington, K Glass information sheet. Pilkington Glass Ltd, England, 1989.
  24. J D Garrison and R E Collins, "Manufacture and cost of vacuum glazing," Solar Energy, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 151-161, 1995.
  25. T M Simko, A C Fischer-Cripps, and R E Collins, "Temperature-induced stresses in vacuum glazing: Modelling and experimental validation," Solar Energy, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 1 - 21, 1998.
  26. C F WILSON, T M Simko, and R E Collins, "Heat conduction through the support pillars in vacuum glazing," Solar Energy, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 393-406, 1998.
  27. G M Turner, R E Collins, G R Facer, and M A Scheumack, "Outgassing effects in evacuated glazing," in SPIE Int. Symp. on Optical Materials Technol- ogy for Energy Efficiency and Solar Energy Conversion XIII, Vol. 2255, Wittwer V., Granqvist C. G. and Lamp- ert C. M. (Eds.), Freiburg, Germany, 1994.
  28. Y Fang et al., "Indium alloy-sealed vacuum glazing development and context," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 37, pp. 480-501, (2014).
  29. G M Turner and R E Collins, "Measurement of heat flow through vacuum glazing at elevated temperature.," Int. J. Heat and Mass transfer, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1437 - 1446, 1997.
  30. N Smith, N Isaacs, J Burgess, and I Cox-Smith, "Thermal performance of secondary glazing as a retrofit alternative for single-glazed windows," Energy and Buildings, vol. 54, pp. 47-51, (2012).
  31. Aschehoug and J Baker, "Frame and edge-seal technology - an international view, Proceedings of the Window Innovations'95 conference," , Toronto, Canada, 1995.
  32. C Tian, H Yang, and T Chung, "A generalized window energy rating system for typical office buildings," Solar Energy, vol. 84, pp. 1232-1243, (2010).
  33. W J Hee et al., "The role of window glazing on daylighting and energy saving in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 2, pp. 323-343, (2015).
  34. E Cuce and S B Riffat, "State-of-the-artreview on innovative glazing technologies," Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, vol. 41, pp. 695 - 714, 2015.
  35. Sabatiuk, P. A, "Review of Gas Filled Window Technology: Summary Report," in Proceedings of ASHRAE/DOE Conference, Thermal Performance of the Exterior of Buildings 11, ASHRAE Special Publication No. 38, 1982, pp. 643-653.
  36. J M Dussault, L Gosselin, and T Galstian, "Integration of smart windows into building design for reductionof yearly overall energy consumption and peak loads," Solar Energy , vol. 86 , pp. 3405-3416, 2012.
  37. ASTM, Standard procedures for determining the steady state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems, ASTM Standard E 1423-91. 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards 04.07.: American Society of Testing and Mate rials, pp. 1160-1165.
  38. M Rubin, Von Rottkay, and R Powles, "Window optics," Solar Energy, vol. 62, pp. 149-161, 1998.
  39. B Han, Investigation of thermal characteristics of multiple glazed windows.: PhD Thesis, Napier University, 1996.
  40. A C Fischer-Cripps, R E Collins, and G M Turner, "Stresses and fracture probability in evacuated glazing," Building and Environment, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 41-59, 1995.
  41. Yueping Fang, Philip C Eames, and Brian Norton, "Effect of glass thickness on the thermal performance of evacuated glazing," Solar Energy, vol. 81, pp. 395-404, 2007.
  42. J Han, L Lu, and H Yang, "Numerical evaluation of the mixed convective heat transfer in a double-pane window integrated with see-through a-Si PV cells with low-e coatings," Applied Energy, vol. 87, pp. 3431-3437, 2010.
  43. Liu Xiaogen et al., "Bearing behavior and strength design for building vacuum glazing," Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), vol. 42, pp. 349-355, 2011.
  44. M Lenzen and R E Collins, "Long term field tests of Vacuum Gkazing," Solar Energy, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 11-15, 1997.
  45. S Memon, F Farukh, P. C. Eames, and V. V. Silberschmidt, "A new low-temperature hermetic composite edge seal for the fabrication of triple vacuum glazing," Vacuum, vol. 120, pp. 73-82.
  46. A C Fischer-Cripps, Stresses and fracture probability in evacuated glazing, PhD Thesis.: The University of Sydney, 1993.
  47. M Simko and R E Collins, "Edge conduction in Vacuum Glazing," in Proceedings of thermal performance of exterior envelopes of Buildings VI, Clear water beach, Florida, 1995.
  48. Haoyang Liu, The development of novel window systems towards low carbon Buildings, PhD Thesis.: University of Nottingham, 2012.
  49. I L Wong and P C Eames, "Development of numerical models to calculate the optical properties of a transparent insulating system," in International conference on harnessing technology, Muscat, Oman, 2011.
  50. L Wullschleger, H Manz, and K Ghazi Wakili, "Finite element analysis of temperature-induced deflection of vacuum glazing," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, pp. 1378-1388, 2003.
  51. P W Griffiths et al., "Fabrication of evacuated glazing at low temperature," Solar Energy, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 243-249, 1998.
  52. J Wanga, P C Eamesa, J F Zhaob, T Hydeb, and Y Fangb, "Stresses in vacuum glazing fabricated at low temperature," Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, vol. 91, pp. 290-303, 2007.
  53. P W Griffiths, C P Eames, J T Hyde, Y Fang, and B Norton, "Experimental characterization and detailed performance prediction of a vacuum glazing system fabricated with a low temperature metal edge seal, using a validated computer model.," ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 199-203, 2006.
  54. Nasser Abodahab, Temperature distribution models for double glazed windows and their use in assessing condensation occurrence, PhD Thesis. Napier University, 1998.
  55. N Ng, R E Collins, and L So, "Thermal and optical evolution of gas in vacuum glazing," Materials Science and Engineering B, vol. 119, pp. 258-264, 2005.
  56. L So, N Ng, and M Bilek, "Analysis of the internal glass surfaces of vacuum glazing," Mater Sci Eng B, vol. 138, pp. 135 - 138., 2007.
  57. T Minaai, M Kumagai, A Nara, and S Tanemura, "Study of the outgassing behavior of SnO2:F films on glass in vacuum under external energy excitation," Mater Sci Eng B, vol. 119, pp. 252 - 257, 2005.
  58. Y Fang and P. C. Eames, "The effect of glass coating emittance and frame rebate on heat transfer through vacuum and electrochromic vacuum glazed windows," Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, vol. 90, pp. 2683-2695, 2006.
  59. C Buratti and E Moretti, "Glazing system with silica aerogel for energy savings in buildings," Applied Energy, vol. 98, pp. 396 - 403, 2012.
  60. C Buratti and E Moretti, "Experimental performance evaluation of aerogel glazing system," Applied Energy, vol. 97, pp. 430 - 437, 2012.
  61. F. P. Torgal and et. al., "Nearly Zero Energy Building Refurbishment," in Nearly Zero Energy Building Refurbishment.: Springer, 2013, ch. 978-1-4471-5523-2, pp. 555 - 582.
  62. C Buratti, E Moretti, and B Belloni, "Nanogel windows for energy building efficeincy," in Nano and Biotech Based Materials for Energy Building Efficiency.: Springer, 2016, p. Chapter 3.
  63. C Buratti and E Moretti, "Silica naogel for energy-effecient windows," in Nanotechnology in Eco-Efficient Construction. Cambridge, UK: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 207 - 235.
  64. F J Norton, "Helium diffusion through glass," J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 36, pp. 90-96, 1953.
  65. V O Altemose, "Helium diffusion through glass," J. Appl. Phys, vol. 32, pp. 1309 -1316, 1961.
  66. J Todd, "Outgassing of glass," J. Appl. Phys, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 1238-1243, 1955.
  67. T M Simko, Heat transfer processes and stresses in vacuum glazing, Ph.D. Thesis.: The University of Sydney, 1998.
  68. H Watanabe, "Intelligent window using a hydrogel layer for energy efficiency," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 54, pp. 203-211., 1998.
  69. N Ng, R Collins, and L So, "Photodesorption of gases in vacuum glazing," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, vol. 21, pp. 1776-1783, 2003.
  70. M P Seah and S J Spencer, "Ultra thin SiO2 on Si.Quantifying and removing carbonaceous contamination," J.Vac.Sci.Technology A, vol. 21, pp. 345-351, 2003.
  71. R Srinandan, "Vapor phase hydrocarbon removal for Si processing," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 57, no. 20, pp. 2095-2097, 1990.
  72. E Taglauer, "Surface cleaning using sputtering," Appl. Phys. A, vol. 51, pp. 238-251, 1990.
  73. BS 6206 ‘Specification for Impact Performance, Requirements for Flat Safety Glass and Safety Plastics for use in Buildings., 1981.
  74. "Australian standard AS 1288:1989, Design stresses in glass.,".
  75. P. C. Eames, "Vacuum glazing: Current performance and future prospects," Vacuum, pp. 717-722, 2008.

© 2024 Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia. Published by the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International licence