In order to understand the application and thermal process of solar energy storage system in building structure design, a research on the application and thermal process analysis of solar energy storage system in building structure design is put forward. This paper will take the outdoor climate conditions of residential buildings in a province as an example to conduct thermal analysis on the heat collection components and heat storage components of urban residential buildings. The building under test is a university teacher's residence located in the university campus of Chengguan District of the city. It is a multi-storey building with a total of five floors, and the building is on the top floor. The experimental results show that the heat storage effect of the thick exterior wall can effectively reduce the temperature fluctuation of the exterior wall. The difference between the maximum and minimum values of the exterior wall surface temperature is 19°C, and the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the interior surface temperature is 5.4°C. The difference between the maximum and minimum temperature of the north exterior wall is 4.9°C, and the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature of the inner surface is 1.6°C. The work of this paper lays a foundation for the quantitative research on the temperature control of building heat collection and storage components, and provides a theoretical basis for solar heat storage.