ABSTRACT
To provide a warm place for the most vulnerable citizens during the 2022/2023 energy crisis, some municipalities have set up public halls as warming shelters. Thus, the present study analyzes the energy performance of a gymnasium in South¬eastern Europe that is repurposed to be used as public warming hall. The study conducted 15 EnergyPlus simulations, covering five states of gymnasium occupancy and three heating, ventilation and air conditioning scenarios. Two scenarios were designed to reduce the possibility of viral disease transmission, in the case public health emergency occurs. The study indicates that gymnasiums with natural ventilation consume more energy than they would with more advanced HVAC systems. This way, when occupancy increases, building energy consumption decreases (from 171-102 kWh per m2). Contrary to that, in more advanced heating, ventilation and air conditioning scenarios, energy consumption slowly increases with the increase of occupancy. Due to the utilization of heat recovery and air re-circulation systems, these scenarios require approximately 60-80% less energy compared to the base scenario. The complex simulations performed in this study provided relatively simple formulas that can be extrapolated to determine hall energy performance for any hall occupancy. These formulas can be used by non-experts and applied to similar buildings in other locations.
KEYWORDS
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2023-01-24
PAPER REVISED: 2023-04-22
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2023-05-08
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2023-06-11
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR
2024, VOLUME
28, ISSUE
Issue 1, PAGES [163 - 174]
- ***, The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Directive 2012/27/EU on Energy Efficiency, Off. J. Eur. Union, (2012), Oct., pp. 1-56
- ***, The European Parlament and the Council of European Union, Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance Of Buildings, Off. J. Eur. Union, (2010), pp. 13-35
- ***, The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Proposal for Establishing a Social Climate Fund, Off. J. Eur. Union, 2021
- ***, The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Directive 2009/28/EC On The Promotion Of The Use Of Energy From Renewable Sources, Off. J. Eur. Union, (2008), pp. 32-38
- ***, European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, Comprehensive Study of Building Energy Renovation Activities and The Uptake of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings in The EU, Final Report, 2019
- Briefing, P., Taking Back Control: Reducing Europe's Vulnerability Against Energy Price Volatility by Fast Tracking Deep Building Renovation, BPIE, 2021, pp. 1-7
- ***, Energy consumption in households - Statistics Explained, ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_consumption_in_households#Energy_products_used_in_the_residential_sector
- Madžarević, A., Crnogorac, M., Security 0f Supply as a Major Part of the Energy Security Puzzle, Energ. Ekon. Ekol., 24 (2022), 4, pp. 28-37
- Turai, E., Broer, R., Overview Report on the Energy Concept, BPIE, 2021, 1-88
- Bandura, A., Social Foundations of thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, National Inst. of Mental Health, American Psychological Asso., Washington DC., USA, 1986
- Al-Marri, W., et al., Exploring the Relationship Between Energy Cost and People's Consumption Behaviour, Energy Procedia, 105 (2017), May, pp. 3464-3470
- Briefing, P., Designing Building Decarbonisation Policies for a Socially Just Energy Transition, BPIE, 2022, pp. 1-17
- Chlechowitz, M. R., et al., Energy Poverty in the EU, ODYSSEE-MURE Policy Br., 2021, pp. 1-5
- Robić, S., et al., Energy Poverty in the Western Balkans: 100% for the "Invisible Millions, RES Fundation, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021
- Jurišević, N., et al., Assessment of Predictive Models for the Estimation of Heat Consumption in Kindergartens, Thermal Science, 26 (2022), 1B, pp. 503-516
- ***, Resolution-of-the-council-of-ministers No. 82/2022 | DRE, dre.pt/dre/en/detail/resolution-of-the-council-of-ministers/82-2022-201509699, 2022
- ***, French Government, Plan de énergé tique s obrié té, www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/ dp-plan-sobriete.pdf
- ***, Federal Cabinet: additional energy-saving measures approved, www.bundesregierung.de/ breg-en/issues/energy-saving-measures-2078510
- ***, Ministero della Transizione Ecologica, Piano Nazionale Di Contenimento Dei Consumi Di Gas Naturale, 2022
- ***, Ministerio de la presidencia relaciones con las cortes y memoria democrática, Acuerdo Del Consejo De Ministros De 24 De Mayo De 2022, Por El Que Se Aprueba El Plan De Medidas De Ahorro Y Eficiencia Energética De La Administración General Del Estado Y Las Entidades Del Sector Público Institucional Estatal, Boletín Of. del Estado, (2022), 51, 28 de febrero, pp. 18987-19106
- ***, Helfen Sie mit, keine Energie zu verschwenden ., www.nicht-verschwenden.ch/de/startseite/
- ***, Wenn bei Gasmangel die Wohnung kalt bleibt: Arme und Alte sollen in Hallen schlafen | Politik BILD.de, www.bild.de/politik/inland/politik-inland/wenn-bei-gasmangel-die-wohnung-kalt-bleibt-arme-und-alte-sollen-in-hallen-schlaf-80653450.bild.html
- ***, What are warm banks, and why are so many opening in the UK? | World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/11/warm-banks-uk-cost-of-living-crisis/, 2022
- Gao, J., et al., Research on Operation Status and Fault Deduction System Design of Transformer in Large Sports Venues, Energy Reports, 8 (2022), Suppl. 4, pp. S539-S546
- Zhang, S., et al., Occupancy-Aided Ventilation for Airborne Infection Risk Control: Continuously Or Intermittently Reduced Occupancies, Build. Simul., 16 (2022), Nov., pp. 733-747
- Dai, H., Zhao, B., Association Between the Infection Probability of COVID-19 and Ventilation Rates: An Update For SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Build. Simul., 16 (2022), 1, pp. 3-12
- Gilmour, A. J., Homelessness and Service as Method, Dalhousie University, M. Sc. thesis, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2023
- Bakhshi Lomer, A. R., et al., Optimizing Emergency Shelter Selection in Earthquakes Using a Risk-Driven Large Group Decision-Making Support System, Sustain., 15 (2023), 5, 4019
- ***, Dependence on Russian gas by European country 2021 | Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/1201743/russian-gas-dependence-in-europe-by-country/, 2021
- ***, Ministry of Construction Transport and Infrastructure, Rulebook of Energy Efficiency, Off. Gaz. Repub. Serbia 61/2011, 2011
- ***, Government of the Republic of Serbia, Measures to prevent and suppress COVID-19 disease, www.paragraf.rs/100pitanja/prava_gradjana/mere-za-sprecavanje-i-suzbijanje-zarazne-bolesti-covid-19.html
- Blocken, B., et al., Can Indoor Sports Centers Be Allowed to Re-Open during the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on a Certificate of Equivalence, Build. Environ., 180 (2020), 107022
- Hernandez, R. H., Natural-Convection in Thermal Plumes Emerging from a Single Heat Source, Int. J. Thermal Science, 98 (2015), Dec., pp. 81-89
- Craven, B. A., Settles, G. S., A Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Human Thermal Plume, Journal Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, 128 (2006), 6, pp. 1251-1258
- Cepinski, W., Szałanski, P., Air Filtration And Sterilization in Ventilation Systems According to the New Paradigm, Journal Ecol. Eng., 23 (2022), 10, pp. 25-34
- ***, Government of the Republic of Serbia, Rulebook on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Off. Gaz. Repub. Serbia No. 61/2011, 2011
- Liu, S., et al., Simulation Research on Heat Recovery System of Heat Pump Composite Pump-Driven Loop Heat Pipe, Thermal Science, 26 (2022), 5, pp. 4301-4313
- Amanowicz, L., et al., Recent Advancements in Ventilation Systems Used to Decrease Energy Consumption In Buildings - Literature Review, Energies, 16 (2023), 4, pp. 1-39
- Drury, B., et al., EnergyPlus: Energy Simulation Program, ASHRAE J., 42 (2000), Apr., pp. 49-56
- Cvetković, D., et al., Impact of People's Behavior on the Energy Sustainability of the Residential Sector in Emergency Situations Caused By COVID-19, Energy Build., 230 (2021)
- Jurišević, N. M., et al., Assessment of Predictive Models for Estimation of Water Consumption in Public Preschool Buildings, Journal Eng. Res., 10 (2021), pp. 98-111