THERMAL SCIENCE

International Scientific Journal

ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF RELATIVELY SMALL SPORTS HALLS USED AS PUBLIC WARMING SHELTERS

ABSTRACT
To provide a warm place for the most vulnerable citizens during the 2022/2023 energy crisis, some municipalities have set up public halls as warming shelters. Thus, the present study analyzes the energy performance of a gymnasium in South¬eastern Europe that is repurposed to be used as public warming hall. The study conducted 15 EnergyPlus simulations, covering five states of gymnasium occupancy and three heating, ventilation and air conditioning scenarios. Two scenarios were designed to reduce the possibility of viral disease transmission, in the case public health emergency occurs. The study indicates that gymnasiums with natural ventilation consume more energy than they would with more advanced HVAC systems. This way, when occupancy increases, building energy consumption decreases (from 171-102 kWh per m2). Contrary to that, in more advanced heating, ventilation and air conditioning scenarios, energy consumption slowly increases with the increase of occupancy. Due to the utilization of heat recovery and air re-circulation systems, these scenarios require approximately 60-80% less energy compared to the base scenario. The complex simulations performed in this study provided relatively simple formulas that can be extrapolated to determine hall energy performance for any hall occupancy. These formulas can be used by non-experts and applied to similar buildings in other locations.
KEYWORDS
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2023-01-24
PAPER REVISED: 2023-04-22
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2023-05-08
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2023-06-11
DOI REFERENCE: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI230124123J
CITATION EXPORT: view in browser or download as text file
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR 2024, VOLUME 28, ISSUE Issue 1, PAGES [163 - 174]
REFERENCES
  1. ***, The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Directive 2012/27/EU on Energy Efficiency, Off. J. Eur. Union, (2012), Oct., pp. 1-56
  2. ***, The European Parlament and the Council of European Union, Directive 2010/31/EU on the Energy Performance Of Buildings, Off. J. Eur. Union, (2010), pp. 13-35
  3. ***, The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Proposal for Establishing a Social Climate Fund, Off. J. Eur. Union, 2021
  4. ***, The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Directive 2009/28/EC On The Promotion Of The Use Of Energy From Renewable Sources, Off. J. Eur. Union, (2008), pp. 32-38
  5. ***, European Commission Directorate-General for Energy, Comprehensive Study of Building Energy Renovation Activities and The Uptake of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings in The EU, Final Report, 2019
  6. Briefing, P., Taking Back Control: Reducing Europe's Vulnerability Against Energy Price Volatility by Fast Tracking Deep Building Renovation, BPIE, 2021, pp. 1-7
  7. ***, Energy consumption in households - Statistics Explained, ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_consumption_in_households#Energy_products_used_in_the_residential_sector
  8. Madžarević, A., Crnogorac, M., Security 0f Supply as a Major Part of the Energy Security Puzzle, Energ. Ekon. Ekol., 24 (2022), 4, pp. 28-37
  9. Turai, E., Broer, R., Overview Report on the Energy Concept, BPIE, 2021, 1-88
  10. Bandura, A., Social Foundations of thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, National Inst. of Mental Health, American Psychological Asso., Washington DC., USA, 1986
  11. Al-Marri, W., et al., Exploring the Relationship Between Energy Cost and People's Consumption Behaviour, Energy Procedia, 105 (2017), May, pp. 3464-3470
  12. Briefing, P., Designing Building Decarbonisation Policies for a Socially Just Energy Transition, BPIE, 2022, pp. 1-17
  13. Chlechowitz, M. R., et al., Energy Poverty in the EU, ODYSSEE-MURE Policy Br., 2021, pp. 1-5
  14. Robić, S., et al., Energy Poverty in the Western Balkans: 100% for the "Invisible Millions, RES Fundation, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021
  15. Jurišević, N., et al., Assessment of Predictive Models for the Estimation of Heat Consumption in Kindergartens, Thermal Science, 26 (2022), 1B, pp. 503-516
  16. ***, Resolution-of-the-council-of-ministers No. 82/2022 | DRE, dre.pt/dre/en/detail/resolution-of-the-council-of-ministers/82-2022-201509699, 2022
  17. ***, French Government, Plan de énergé tique s obrié té, www.ecologie.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/ dp-plan-sobriete.pdf
  18. ***, Federal Cabinet: additional energy-saving measures approved, www.bundesregierung.de/ breg-en/issues/energy-saving-measures-2078510
  19. ***, Ministero della Transizione Ecologica, Piano Nazionale Di Contenimento Dei Consumi Di Gas Naturale, 2022
  20. ***, Ministerio de la presidencia relaciones con las cortes y memoria democrática, Acuerdo Del Consejo De Ministros De 24 De Mayo De 2022, Por El Que Se Aprueba El Plan De Medidas De Ahorro Y Eficiencia Energética De La Administración General Del Estado Y Las Entidades Del Sector Público Institucional Estatal, Boletín Of. del Estado, (2022), 51, 28 de febrero, pp. 18987-19106
  21. ***, Helfen Sie mit, keine Energie zu verschwenden ., www.nicht-verschwenden.ch/de/startseite/
  22. ***, Wenn bei Gasmangel die Wohnung kalt bleibt: Arme und Alte sollen in Hallen schlafen | Politik BILD.de, www.bild.de/politik/inland/politik-inland/wenn-bei-gasmangel-die-wohnung-kalt-bleibt-arme-und-alte-sollen-in-hallen-schlaf-80653450.bild.html
  23. ***, What are warm banks, and why are so many opening in the UK? | World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/11/warm-banks-uk-cost-of-living-crisis/, 2022
  24. Gao, J., et al., Research on Operation Status and Fault Deduction System Design of Transformer in Large Sports Venues, Energy Reports, 8 (2022), Suppl. 4, pp. S539-S546
  25. Zhang, S., et al., Occupancy-Aided Ventilation for Airborne Infection Risk Control: Continuously Or Intermittently Reduced Occupancies, Build. Simul., 16 (2022), Nov., pp. 733-747
  26. Dai, H., Zhao, B., Association Between the Infection Probability of COVID-19 and Ventilation Rates: An Update For SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Build. Simul., 16 (2022), 1, pp. 3-12
  27. Gilmour, A. J., Homelessness and Service as Method, Dalhousie University, M. Sc. thesis, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2023
  28. Bakhshi Lomer, A. R., et al., Optimizing Emergency Shelter Selection in Earthquakes Using a Risk-Driven Large Group Decision-Making Support System, Sustain., 15 (2023), 5, 4019
  29. ***, Dependence on Russian gas by European country 2021 | Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/1201743/russian-gas-dependence-in-europe-by-country/, 2021
  30. ***, Ministry of Construction Transport and Infrastructure, Rulebook of Energy Efficiency, Off. Gaz. Repub. Serbia 61/2011, 2011
  31. ***, Government of the Republic of Serbia, Measures to prevent and suppress COVID-19 disease, www.paragraf.rs/100pitanja/prava_gradjana/mere-za-sprecavanje-i-suzbijanje-zarazne-bolesti-covid-19.html
  32. Blocken, B., et al., Can Indoor Sports Centers Be Allowed to Re-Open during the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on a Certificate of Equivalence, Build. Environ., 180 (2020), 107022
  33. Hernandez, R. H., Natural-Convection in Thermal Plumes Emerging from a Single Heat Source, Int. J. Thermal Science, 98 (2015), Dec., pp. 81-89
  34. Craven, B. A., Settles, G. S., A Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Human Thermal Plume, Journal Fluids Eng. Trans. ASME, 128 (2006), 6, pp. 1251-1258
  35. Cepinski, W., Szałanski, P., Air Filtration And Sterilization in Ventilation Systems According to the New Paradigm, Journal Ecol. Eng., 23 (2022), 10, pp. 25-34
  36. ***, Government of the Republic of Serbia, Rulebook on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Off. Gaz. Repub. Serbia No. 61/2011, 2011
  37. Liu, S., et al., Simulation Research on Heat Recovery System of Heat Pump Composite Pump-Driven Loop Heat Pipe, Thermal Science, 26 (2022), 5, pp. 4301-4313
  38. Amanowicz, L., et al., Recent Advancements in Ventilation Systems Used to Decrease Energy Consumption In Buildings - Literature Review, Energies, 16 (2023), 4, pp. 1-39
  39. Drury, B., et al., EnergyPlus: Energy Simulation Program, ASHRAE J., 42 (2000), Apr., pp. 49-56
  40. Cvetković, D., et al., Impact of People's Behavior on the Energy Sustainability of the Residential Sector in Emergency Situations Caused By COVID-19, Energy Build., 230 (2021)
  41. Jurišević, N. M., et al., Assessment of Predictive Models for Estimation of Water Consumption in Public Preschool Buildings, Journal Eng. Res., 10 (2021), pp. 98-111

© 2024 Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia. Published by the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International licence