The dissolution characteristics of glycerol derivatives in solvents at different temperatures and pressures were studied. The effects of solvent structure on gas absorption capacity and separation selectivity were analyzed. The absorption thermodynamics and kinetics were discussed. The experimental results show that as the temperature increases, the solubility of glycerin derivatives decreases, and the separation selectivity between gases also decreases. At the same temperature, the more carbon atoms of the glycerin derivative, the easier the dissolution process in the ionic liquid. The thermodynamic parameters of each gas do not change much with increasing temperature. At the same time, the spectral clustering algorithm can be used to obtain the characteristics of the global optimal solution, which solves the problem that the traditional hybrid data clustering algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimal solution.