ABSTRACT
Developing countries are facing numerous challenges in the process of providing adequate health care to often deprived and diminished social groups. Being a country made up of a mainland territory and five islands in Gulf of Guinea, al-most entirely covered by tropical rainforest, with poor road infrastructure, Equatorial Guinea is a showcase of various obstructions in developing effective health care system. The paper explores guidelines for creation of model regional hospital, commissioned by Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, with the aim of achieving high level of replicability through minor program and site-specific adjustments. The demonstrated strategies are applied on a local hospital designed to provide all basic types of health services while retaining a high level of technical independence. The architectural concept was formulated aiming to maximize the use of natural ventilation, daylight, and rainwater management, leaving the operation block, laboratory, and intensive care unit practically the only parts of the structure that would need mechanical air conditioning. The potential and effectiveness of use of photovoltaic units in enhancing hospital’s resilience through on-site energy production was explored. The structure was designed having in mind local climate, culture and customs, thus offering a possibility of strong integration with local community. The building technology was thought over to enable efficient and cost-effective construction and proper resilience for tropical rainforest environment. The result is a structure providing for contemporary, high quality medical service, interpreting local climatic and cultural con-textual premises through modern architectural expression.
KEYWORDS
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2017-12-27
PAPER REVISED: 2018-07-22
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2018-08-20
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2018-10-06
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR
2018, VOLUME
22, ISSUE
Supplement 4, PAGES [S1071 - S1082]
- República de Guinea Ecuatorial - Ministerio de Sanidad y Bienestar Social y Ministerio de Economía, Planificación e Inversiones Públicas. 2012. Encuesta demográfica y de salud (EDSGE-I) 2011. Calverton: ICF International
- World Health Organisation Regional office for Africa, African Health Observatory. 2016. Equatorial Guinea - Statistical Factsheet. Accessed September 15, 2017. www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/a/ac/Equatorial_Guinea-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf
- Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Density of physicians (total number per 1000 population, latest available year). Accessed September 13, 2017. www.who.int/gho/health_workforce/physicians_density/en/
- World Health Organisation Regional office for Africa, African Health Observatory. 2014. Comprehensive Analytical Profile: Equatorial Guinea. Accessed January 16, 2016. www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information
- Reuter, K., et al, Healthcare in Equatorial Guinea, West Africa: obstacles and barriers to care, Pan African Medical Journal, 19:369, (2014), Accessed April 18, 2016. www.panafrican-medjournal.com/content/article/19/369/full
- Xinga, K., et al. PSS in healthcare: an under-explored field, Procedia CIRP 64, (2017). pp. 241 - 246
- Sara H., S., et al, Evidence-Based Design and Transformative Service Research application for achieving sustainable healthcare services: A developing country perspective,. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, (2017) pp. 1885-1892
- Olgyay, V. Design With Climate, Princeton University Press, USA,1963.
- Peel, M.C., et al Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences, vol. 11, (2007), pp. 1633-1644
- Weatherspark. 2013. Average Weather For Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, Accessed April 20, 2015. weatherspark.com/averages/29071/Malabo-Bioko-Norte-Equatorial-Guinea
- Givoni, B.. Comfort, climate analysis and building design guidelines Energy and Buildings, No.18, (1992), pp. 11-23
- Santamouris, M. ( Ed.). Advances in Passive Cooling, Earthscan, New York, USA,2007.
- Szokolay, S. V. Introduction to Architectural science: The Basis of Sustainable Design. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2004
- Santamouris, M. Cooling the buildings - past, present and future, Energy and Buildings 128, (2016), pp. 617-638
- Hegger, M., et al Energy Manual - Sustainable Architecture., Birkhäuser, Basel-Boston, Berlin, 2008
- U.S. Green Building Council LEED Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction v4.,USGBC Washington, USA, 2013
- LEED Credit Library. Accessed September 2017. www.usgbc.org/credits/healthcare/v4
- Givoni, B. Conservation and the Use of Integrated-Passive Energy Systems in Architecture Energy and Buildings, No.3, (1981), pp. 213 - 228
- Givoni, B. Performance and applicability of passive and low-energy cooling systems, Energy and Buildings, 17, (1991), pp. 177-199
- Butera, F. et al. 2014. Sustainable Building Design for Tropical Climates: Principles and Applications for Eastern Africa. Nairobi: UN Habitat
- Baker, N.V. Passive and Low Energy Building Design for Tropical Island Climates. Commonwealth Secretariat Publications, London, UK, 1987:
- Choi, JH. et al Impacts of indoor daylight environments on patient average length of stay (ALOS) in a healthcare facility, Building and Environment vol. 50 (2012), pp. 65-75
- Duff,W.S., Hodgson D.A., A simple high efficiency solar water purification system, Solar Energy, no. 79 (2004), pp.25-32
- Carielo, G. et al. Solar water pasteurizer: Productivity and treatment efficiency in microbial decontamination, Renewable Energy, vol. 105 (2017), pp.257-269
- Latha, P.K. et al. Role of building material in thermal comfort in tropical climates - A review, Journal of Building Engineering, Vol. 3, (2015), pp. 104-113
- Veldhuis, A. J., Reinders, A. H. M. E. Reviewing the potential and cost-effectiveness of offgrid PV systems in Indonesia on a provincial level, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 52, (2015). 757-769
- Mandelli, S., et al Effect of load profile uncertainty on the optimum sizing of off-grid PV for rural electrification, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, vol. 18, (2016), pp. 34-47
- Masters, G. M. Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems. , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. 2004.
- Akbari, H. M., H.D. Global cooling updates: Reflective roofs and pavements, Energy and Buildings 55 (2012), pp.2-6
- Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS Software). Accessed October 19, 2016. re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/pvest.php?map=africa
- Smart Hospitals Toolkit - Pan American Health Organization publication
- Pan American Health Organization. Hospital Safety Index: Evaluation of small and mediumsized health facilities, PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication, 2011.
- HSI - Safe Hospitals Checklist - Pan American Health Organization publication