THERMAL SCIENCE

International Scientific Journal

Adnan Qamar

,

Attique Arshad

,

Zahid Anwar

,

Rabia Shaukat

,

Muhammad Amjad

,

Shahid Imran

,

Luqman Razzaq

,

Muhammad Ali

,

Theodosios Korakianitis

DISPERSION STABILITY AND RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER AND ETHYLENE GLYCOL BASED ZNO NANOFLUIDS

ABSTRACT
With advancement of nanoscience, "nanofluids" are becoming quite popular among thermal engineers. High thermal conductivity, relatively less settling speed, and higher surface area of nanoparticles are a few key promoting properties. The last two decades have seen dramatic progress towards using nanoparticles in industrial applications. However, the stability and rheological characteristics of prepared nanofluids have serious effects on their transport characteristics, but unfortunately, this has not found proper attention from researchers. In this study, stability and rheological characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles within deionized water, ethylene glycol, and their blends have been extensively tested. Stability was observed using UV-vis spectroscopy, while the viscosity was measured with the help of a rheometer. The data was collected with 0.011-0.044 wt.% loading of nanoparticles, while experiments were conducted within 15-55°C temperature range. Better stability was recorded when nanofluids were prepared with pure ethylene glycol. Experiments showed that the viscosity increased with particle loading, whereas the effect of surfactants appeared to be insignificant. Research results were used to assess predictions of different viscosity models. Experimental data was overpredicted by Einstein, Brinkman, and Batchelor’s models.
KEYWORDS
ethylene glycol, deionized water, nanoparticles, nanofluid, stability, viscosity, zinc oxide
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2020-01-10
PAPER REVISED: 2020-04-26
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2020-05-11
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2020-06-07
DOI REFERENCE: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI200110187Q
CITATION EXPORT: view in browser or download as text file
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR 2021, VOLUME 25, ISSUE Issue 3, PAGES [1989 - 2001]
REFERENCES
  1. Bahiraei, M., Heshmatian, S., Electronics Cooling with Nanofluids: A Critical Review, Energy Conversion and Management, 172 (2018), July, pp. 438-456
  2. Gupta, M., et al., A Review on Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids and Heat Transfer Applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74 (2017), July, pp. 638-670
  3. Akram, N., et al., A Comprehensive Review on Nanofluid Operated Solar Flat Plate Collectors, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 139 (2019),July, pp. 1309-1343
  4. Minea, A. A., Comparative Study of Hurbulent Heat Transfer of Nanofluids, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 124 (2016), 1, pp. 407-416
  5. Rashidi, S., et al., Applications of Nanofluids in Condensing and Evaporating Systems: A Review, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 131 (2018), 3, pp. 2027-2039
  6. Tawfik, M. M., Experimental Studies of Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity Enhancement and Applications: A Review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75 (2017), Aug., pp. 1239-1253
  7. Xian, H. W., et al., Recent State of Nanofluid in Automobile Cooling Systems, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 135 (2019), 2, pp. 981-1008
  8. Bashirnezhad, K., et al., A Comprehensive Review of Last Experimental Studies on Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 122 (2015), 2, pp. 863-884
  9. Hussein, A. K., et al., Magnetohydrodynamic Natural-Convection in an Inclined T-Shaped Enclosure for Different Nanofluids and Subjected to a Uniform Heat Source, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55 (2016), 3, pp. 2157-2169
  10. Vallejo, J. P., et al., Flow Behaviour of Suspensions of Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets in Propylene Glycol-Water Mixtures, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 91 (2018), Feb., pp. 150-157
  11. Murshed, S. M. S., Estelle, P., A State of the Art Review on Viscosity of Nanofluids, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76 (2017), Aug., pp. 1134-1152
  12. Haddad, Z., et al., A Review on How the Researchers Prepare Their Nanofluids, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 76 (2014), Feb., pp. 168-189
  13. Kamalgharibi, M., et al., Experimental Studies on the Stability of CuO Nanoparticles Dispersed in Different Base Fluids: Influence of Stirring, Sonication and Surface Active Agents, Heat and Mass Transfer, 52 (2016), 1, pp. 55-62
  14. Yu, W., Xie, H., A Review on Nanofluids: Preparation, Stability Mechanisms, and Applications, Journal of Nanomaterials, 2012 (2012), ID 435873
  15. Ahmadi Nadooshan, A., et al., Evaluating the Effects of Different Parameters on Rheological Behavior of Nanofluids: A Comprehensive Review, Powder Technology, 338 (2018), Oct., pp. 342-353
  16. Branch, D., et al., Experimental Study on Turbulent Heat Transfer, Pressure Drop, and Thermal Performance of ZnO/Water Nanofluid-Flow in a Circular Tube, Thermal conductivity, 18 (2014), 4, pp. 1315-1326
  17. Ben Hamida, M. B., et al., Heat and Mass Transfer Enhancement for Falling Film Absorption Process in Vertical Plate Absorber by Adding Copper Nanoparticles, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 43 (2018), 9, pp. 4991-5001
  18. Yang, L., et al., Recent Developments on Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids, Powder Technology, 317 (2017), July, pp. 348-369
  19. Mustafa, I., Javed, T., Heat Transfer in Natural-Convection Flow of Nanofluid along a Vertical Wavy Plate with Variable Heat Flux, Thermal Science, 23 (2019), 1, pp. 179-190
  20. Kumar, M., et al., Analysis on Thermal and Flow Behavior of Tripple Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Handling MWCNT-Water Nanofluids, Thermal Science, 24 (2020), 1B, pp. 487-494
  21. Ponmani, S., et al., Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Formation and Characterization of Thermal and Electrical Properties of CuO and ZnO Nanofluids in Xanthan Gum, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 443 (2014), Feb., pp. 37-43
  22. Suganthi, K. S., Rajan, K. S., Temperature Induced Changes in ZnO-Water Nanofluid: Zeta Potential, Size Distribution and Viscosity Profiles, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55 (2012), 25-26, pp. 7969-7980
  23. Raykar, V. S., Singh, A. K., Thermal and Rheological Behavior of Acetylacetone Stabilized ZnO Nanofluids, Thermochimica Acta, 502 (2010), 1-2, pp. 60-65
  24. Ojha, U., et al., Stability, pH and Viscosity Relationships in Zinc Oxide Based Nanofluids Subject to Heating and Cooling Cycles, Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 4 (2010), 7, pp. 24-29
  25. Pastoriza-Gallego, M. J., et al., Thermophysical Profile of Ethylene Glycol-Based ZnO Nanofluids, Journal Chem. Thermodynamics, 73 (2014), June, pp. 23-30
  26. Hamida, B., et al., Numerical Study of Heat and Mass Transfer Enhancement for Bubble Absorption Process of Ammonia-Water Mixture without and with Nanofluids, Thermal Science, 22 (2018), 6, pp. 3107-3120
  27. Bechir, M., et al., Natural-Convection Heat Transfer in an Enclosure Filled with an Ethylene Glycol-Copper Nanofluid Under Magnetic Fields, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, 67 (2015), 8, pp. 902-920
  28. Bhanvase, B. A., et al., Intensification Intensification of Convective Heat Transfer in Water/Ethylene Glycol Based Nanofluids Containing TiO2 Nanoparticles, Chemical Engineering & Processing: Process Intensification, 82 (2014), Aug., pp. 123-131
  29. Peyghambarzadeh, S. M., et al., Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Water/Ethylene Glycol Based Nanofluids as a New Coolant for Car Radiators, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 38 (2011), 9, pp. 1283-1290
  30. Jia, H., et al., An Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Performance of Nanofluid Pulsating Heat Pipe, Journal of Thermal Science, 22 (2013), 5, pp. 484-490
  31. Asadi, A., et al., Effect of Sonication Characteristics on Stability, Thermophysical Properties, and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids: A Comprehensive Review, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 58 (2019), Nov., 104701
  32. Rojas, K., et al., Effective Antimicrobial Materials Based on Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles, Composites Part B: Engineering, 172 (2019), Sept., pp. 173-178
  33. Ghadimi, A., et al., Nanofluid Stability Optimization Based on UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Measurement, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 10 (2015), Jan., pp. 32-40
  34. Qi, C., et al., Experimental Research on Stability and Natural-convection of TiO2-Water Nanofluid in Enclosures with Different Rotation Angles, Nanoscale Research Letters, 12 (2017), June, 396
  35. Sadeghi, R., et al., Investigation of Alumina Nanofluid Stability by UV-Vis Spectrum, Micro-Fluidics and Nanofluidics, 18 (2015), Sept., pp. 1023-1030
  36. Babar, H., Ali, H. M., Towards Hybrid Nanofluids: Preparation, Thermophysical Properties, Applications, and Challenges, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 281 (2019), May, pp. 598-633
  37. Nurettin Sezer, et al., A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis, Stability, Thermophysical Properties, and Characterization of Nanofluids, Power Technology, 344 (2019), Feb., pp. 404-431
  38. Babita, A. K., et al., Preparation and Evaluation of Stable Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Application-A Review, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 79 (2016), Dec., pp. 202-212
  39. Anand, K., Varghese, S., Role of Surfactants on the Stability of Nanozinc Oxide Dispersions, Particulate Science and Technology, 35 (2017), 1, pp. 67-70
  40. Chakraborty, S., Panigrahi, P. K., Stability of Nanofluid: A Review, Applied Thermal Engineering, 174 (2020), 115259
  41. Choudhary, S., et al., In Fluence of Stable Zinc Oxide Nanofluid on Thermal Characteristics of Fl at Plate Solar Collector, Renewable Energy, 152 (2020), C, pp. 1160-1170
  42. Fakoya, et al., Emergence of Nanotechnology in the Oil and Gas Industry: Emphasis on the Application of Silica Nanoparticles, Petroleum, 3 (2017), 4, pp. 391-405
  43. Einstein, A., A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, Ann. Phys., 19 (1906), pp. 289-306
  44. Brinkman, H. C., The Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions and Solutions, Journal of Chemical Physics, 20 (1952), 4, pp. 571-581
  45. Batchelor, G. K., The Effect of Brownian Motion on the Bulk Stress in a Suspension of Spherical Particles, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 83 (1977), 01, pp. 97-117
  46. Lipczynska-Kochany, E., Effect of Climate Change on Humic Substances and Associated Impacts on the Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater: A Review, Science of the Total Environment, 640-641 (2018), Nov., pp. 1548-1565
  47. Kazem, B., et al., Viscosity of Nanofluids: A Review of Recent Experimental Studies, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 73 (2016), Apr., pp. 114-123
  48. Cabaleiro, D., et al., Characterization and Measurements of Thermal Conductivity, Density and Rheological Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Dispersed in ( ethane-1, 2-diol + water ) Mixture, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 58 (2013), Mar., pp. 405-415
  49. Santillan, M. J., et al., Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticle Suspensions for Electrophoretic Deposition, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 10 (2008), 5, pp. 787-793
  50. Khodadadi, H., et al., A comprehensive Review on Rheological Behavior of Mono and Hybrid Nanofluids: Effective Parameters and Predictive Correlations, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 127 (2018), B, pp. 997-1012
PDF VERSION [DOWNLOAD]
Dispersion stability and rheological characteristics of water and ethylene glycol based ZnO nanofluids

© 2024 Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia. Published by the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International licence