THERMAL SCIENCE

International Scientific Journal

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY GREEN TRANSITION GOALS IN SLOVENIA AND SERBIA: HEAT PUMP EXAMPLE

ABSTRACT
For accelerating hypersonic vehicles, it is important to understand the effects of various factors on heat transfer deterioration. The heat transfer characteristics of supercritical n-decane with pyrolysis were numerically simulated inside a vertical tube. The effects of flow direction, mass-flow rate, heat flux, inlet temperature, and flight acceleration on the heat transfer characteristics were investigated. When the inlet temperature was relatively low or the fluid was decelerated vertically upward, a typical M-shaped velocity distribution was formed, indicating the heat transfer deterioration. Furthermore, the decrease in wall heat flux, as well as the increase in mass-flow rate, inlet temperature and flight acceleration in the same direction as the flow makes the heat transfer deterioration gradually disappear. Finally, a new relationship was established between the heat flux and the flight acceleration and inlet temperature to determine critical heat flux under which heat transfer deterioration developed in the upward flow.
KEYWORDS
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2024-06-18
PAPER REVISED: 2024-08-02
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2024-08-18
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2024-10-12
DOI REFERENCE: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI240618222T
CITATION EXPORT: view in browser or download as text file
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR 2024, VOLUME 28, ISSUE Issue 6, PAGES [4709 - 4721]
REFERENCES
  1. Bošnjaković, M., et al., The end of Life of PV Systems: Is Europe Ready for It, Sustainability, 15 (2023), 16466
  2. ***, European Commission, The European Green Deal, 2019
  3. ***, European Commission, Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law'), 2021
  4. Radovanović, M., et al., Decarbonisation of Eastern European Economies: Monitoring, Economic, Social and Security Concerns, Energ Sustain Soc., 12 (2022), 16, pp. 1-15
  5. ***, European Commission (EC), REPOwerEU Plan, EU External Energy Management in a Changing world, 2022
  6. Masternak, C., et al., Potential of Air-Source Heat Pumps to Reduce Environmental Impacts in 18 European Countries, Energy, 292 (2024), 130487
  7. Ala, G., et al., Energy and Economic Analysis of Air-to-Air Heat Pumps as an Alternative to Domestic Gas Boiler Heating Systems in the South of Italy, Energy, 173 (2019), Apr., pp. 59-74
  8. ***, EUROSTAT, Energy consumption in households, ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Energy_consumption_in_households, 2024
  9. Connolly, D., Heat Roadmap Europe: Quantitative comparison between the Electricity, Heating, and Cooling Sectors for Different European Countries, Energy, 139 (2017), Nov., pp. 580-593
  10. Sandvall, A. F., et al., Low-Energy Buildings Heat Supply-Modelling of Energy Systems and Carbon Emissions Impacts, Energy Policy, 111 (2017), Dec., pp. 371-382
  11. Kiss, B., et al., Environmental Assessment of Future Electricity Mix - Linking an Hourly Economic Model with LCA, Journal of Cleaner Production, 264 (2020), 121536
  12. Turconi, R., et al., Environmental Impacts of Future Low-Carbon Electricity Systems: Detailed Life Cycle Assessment of a Danish Case Study, Applied Energy, 132 (2014), Nov., pp. 66-73
  13. Gargiulo, A., et al., Life Cycle Assessment of Italian Electricity Scenarios to 2030, Energies, 13 (2020), 3852
  14. Carvalho, M. L., et al., Life Cycle Assessment of Italian Electricity Production and Comparison with the European Context, Energy Reports, 8 (2022), Suppl. 3, pp. S561-S568
  15. Ramirez, A. D., et al., Life Cycle Methods to Analyze the Environmental Sustainability of Electricity Generation in Ecuador: Is Decarbonization the Right Path, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134 (2020), 110373
  16. Raugei, M., et al., A Prospective Net Energy and Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment of the UK Electricity Grid, Energies, 13 (2020), 2207
  17. San Miguel, G., et al., Cycle Sustainability Assessment of the Spanish Electricity: Past, Present and Future Projections, Energies, 13 (2020), 1896
  18. ***, International Energy Agency (IEA), I., Energy system of Serbia, www.iea.org/countries/serbia, 2024
  19. ***, International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy system of Slovenia, www.iea.org/countries/slovenia, 2024
  20. Maris, G., et al., National Energy and Climate Plans in Europe: Member States' Compliance and Strategies, Administrative Sciences, 11 (2021), 75
  21. ***, Government of the Republic of Slovenia, Integrated national energy and climate plan of the Republic of Slovenia, 2020
  22. ***, Republic of Serbia, Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Serbia for the period 2030 with the projections up to 2050, 2023
  23. ***, European Commission, National energy and climate plans, commission.europa.eu/energy-climate-change-environment/implementation-eu-countries/energy-and-climate-governance-and-reporting/national-energy-and-climate-plans_en, 2024
  24. ***, Energy Community Secretariat, Ecs., Recommendations 1/2023 by the Energy Community Secretariat on the Draft integrated National Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Serbia, 2023
  25. Mitrović, S., The Green Agenda for the Western Balkans, European Policy Center, 2022
  26. Jovanović, M., et al., Scenarios for Transitioning the Electricity Sector of the Republic of Serbia to Sustainable Climate Neutrality by 2050, Utilities Policy, 85 (2023), 101681
  27. Aresti, L., et al., An Investigation on the Environmental Impact of Various Ground Heat Exchangers Configurations, Renewable Energy, 171 (2021), June, pp. 592-605
  28. Violante, A. C., et al., Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of the Ground Source Heat Pump vs. Air Source Heat Pump, Renewable Energy, 188 (2022), Apr., pp. 1029-1037
  29. Bošnjaković, M., et al., Experimental Testing of a Water-to-Water Heat Pump with and without IHX by Using Refrigerants R1234yf and R1234ze(E), Sustainability, 15 (2023), 25
  30. Thomassen, G., et al., The Decarbonisation of the EU Heating Sector through Electrification: A Parametric Analysis, Energy Policy, 148 (2021), 111929
  31. Congedo, P. M., et al., The Impact of Climate Change on Air Source Heat Pumps, Energy Conversion and Management, 276 (2023), 11655
  32. Bloess, A., et al., Power-to-Heat for Renewable Energy Integration: A Review of Technologies, Modelling Approaches, and Flexibility Potentials, Applied Energy, 212 (2018), Feb., pp. 1611-1626
  33. Rosenow, J., et al., Heating up the Global Heat Pump Market, Nat Energy, 7 (2022), Sept., pp. 901-904
  34. Stanek, W., et al., Exergetic and Thermo-Ecological Assessment of Heat Pump Supported by Electricity from Renewable Sources, Renewable Energy, 131 (2019), Feb., pp. 404-412
  35. Smith, M., et al., Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of Residential Ground Source Heat Pump Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficiency in New Jersey, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47 (2021), 101364
  36. Shamoushaki, M., Koh, S. C. L., Heat Pump Supply Chain Environmental Impact Reduction Improve the UK Energy Sustainability, Resiliency and Security, Sci. Rep., 13 (2023), 20633
  37. Famiglietti, J., et al., Heat Pumps for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water Production in Residential Buildings, An Environmental Comparison in a Present and Future Scenario, Energy Conversion and Management, 276 (2023), 116527
  38. Gaur, A. S., et al., Heat Pumps and Our Low-Carbon Future: A Comprehensive Review, Energy Research and Social Science, 71 (2021), 101764
  39. ***, ISO, ISO 14040:2006, www.iso.org/standard/37456.html, 2024
  40. ***, ISO, ISO 14044:2006, www.iso.org/standard/38498.html, 2024
  41. Saner, D., et al., Is it only CO2 that Matters, A Life Cycle Perspective on Shallow Geothermal Systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (2010), 7, pp. 1798-1813
  42. Bastos, J., et al., Life-Cycle Assessment of Current and Future Electricity Supply Addressing Average and Marginal Hourly Demand: An Application Italy, Journal of Cleaner Production, 399 (2023), 136563
  43. Barros, M. V., et al., Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation: A Review of the Characteristics of Existing Literature, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, 25 (2020), June, pp. 36-54
  44. ***, Pre Sustainability, SimaPro LCA software - PRe Sustainability, SimaPro 2024
  45. ***, Ecoinvent, Ecoinvent - Data with purpose., ecoinvent.org/, 2024
  46. Huijbregts, M. A. J., et al., ReCiPe2016: A Harmonised Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method at Midpoint and Endpoint level, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, 22 (2017), Dec., pp. 138-147
  47. ***, RIVM, The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment: LCIA: The ReCiPe model | RIVM, www.rivm.nl/en/life-cycle-assessment-lca/recipe, 2023
  48. Turconi, R., et al., Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Electricity Generation Technologies: Overview, Comparability and Limitations, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28 (2013), Dec., pp. 555-565
  49. Burchart-Korol, D., et al., Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Current and Future Electricity Generation Systems in the Czech Republic and Poland, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, 23 (2018), Feb., pp. 2165-2177
  50. Gibon, T., et al., Life Cycle Assessment Demonstrates Environmental Co-Benefits and Trade-Offs of Low-Carbon Electricity Supply Options, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76 (2017), Sept., pp. 1283-1290
  51. Hertwich, E. G., et al., Integrated Life-Cycle Assessment of Electricity-Supply Scenarios Confirms Global Environmental Benefit of Low-Carbon Technologies, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (2015), 20, pp. 6277-6282
  52. Garcia-Gusano, et al., Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of the Spanish Electricity Production, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75 (2017), Aug., pp. 21-34
  53. Ghisellini, P., et al., Environmental Assessment of Multiple "Cleaner Electricity Mix" Scenarios Within Just Energy and Circular Economy Transitions, in Italy and Europe, Journal of Cleaner Production, 388 (2023), 135891
  54. Lieberei, J., Gheewala, S. H., Resource Depletion Assessment of Renewable Electricity Generation Technologies - Comparison of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods with Focus on Mineral Resources, Int. J. Life Cycle Assess, 22 (2017), June, pp. 185-198
  55. Gaete-Morales, C., et al., Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Electricity from Fossil Fuels in Chile over a Ten-Year Period, Journal of Cleaner Production, 232 (2019), Sept., pp. 1499-1512
  56. Topić Božič, J., et al., Life Cycle Assessment of Using Firewood and Wood Pellets in Slovenia as Two Primary Wood-Based Heating Systems and Their Environmental Impact, Sustainability, 16 (2024), 1687
  57. Lozano Miralles, J. A., et al., Comparative Study of Heat Pump System and Biomass Boiler System to a Tertiary Building Using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Renewable Energy, 152 (2020), June, pp. 1439-1450

© 2024 Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia. Published by the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International licence