ABSTRACT
A new theoretical ternary hybrid nanofluid, by suspending three types of nanoparticles with different physical and chemical bonds in a porous square cavity, is pro-posed in this paper. The ternary hybrid nanofluid is formed by suspending three types of nanoparticles with different physical and chemical bonds into a base fluid. In this study, the nanoparticles alumina (Al2O3), Copper, and Titania (TiO2) are suspended into water thus forming the combination. The system of governing PDE, are numerically solved using finite element formulation based on the Galerkin along with ADINA software (Adina v 9.20) method. The average Nusselt number is computed for three values of the Rayleigh number: 10, 100, and 1000, with the results of other authors from the open literature. An excellent agreement, and therefore, we are deeply confident that the numerical results obtained are correct and very accurate. We wish to point out that the numerical results of the present paper are completely new and original with very important results for practical applications of the ternary hybrid nanofluid in the modern industry. To our best of knowledge, the results of the present paper were never published by any researcher.
KEYWORDS
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2024-09-27
PAPER REVISED: 2024-11-10
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2024-11-18
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2024-12-07
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR
2025, VOLUME
29, ISSUE
Issue 4, PAGES [2817 - 2827]
- Nield, D. A., et al., Convection in Porous Media (5th ed.), Springer, New York, USA, 2017
- Choi, S. U. S., Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Fluids with Nanoparticles, Proceedings, ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, FED 231/MD 66, San Francisco, Cal., USA, 1995, pp. 99-105
- Merkin, J. H., et al., Similarity Solutions for the Boundary Layer Flow and Heat Transfer of Viscous Fluids, Nanofluids, Porous Media, and Micropolar Fluids, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2021
- Huminic, G., et al., Hybrid Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications - A State-of-the-Art Review, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 125 (2018), Oct., pp. 82-103
- Manjunatha, S., et al., Theoretical Study of Convective Heat Transfer in Ternary Nanofluid Flowing Past a Stretching Sheet, Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics, 8 (2022), July, pp. 1279-1286
- Mahmood, Z., et al., Numerical Analysis of MHD tri-Hybrid Nanofluid Over a Nonlinear Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Heat Generation/Absorption and Slip Conditions, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 76 (2023), Aug., pp. 799-819
- Haajizadeh, M., et al., Natural Convection in a Vertical Porous Enclosure with Internal Heat Generation, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 27 (1984), 10, pp. 1893-1902
- Walker, K. L., et al., Convection in a Porous Cavity, J. of Fluid Mechanics, 87 (1978), 3, pp. 338-363
- Bejan, A., On the Boundary Layer Regime in a Vertical Enclosure Filled with a Porous Medium, Letters in Heat Mass Transfer, 6 (1979), 2, pp. 93-102
- Beckermann, C., et al., A Numerical Study of Non-Darcian Natural Convection in a Vertical Enclosure Filled with a Porous Medium, Numerical Heat Transfer, 10 (1986), 6, pp. 446-469
- Gross, R., et al., The Application of Flux-Corrected Transport (FCT) to High Rayleigh Number Natural Convection in a Porous Medium, Proceedings, 7th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, Cal., USA, 1986
- Moya, S.L., et al., Numerical Study of Natural Convection in a Tilted Rectangular Porous Material, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, 30 (1987), 4, pp. 630-645
- Manole, D. M., et al., Numerical Benchmark Results for Natural Convection in a Porous Medium Cavity, Proceedings, Heat Mass Transfer in Porous Media ASME Con., Anaheim, Cal., USA, 1992, pp. 44-59
- Baytas, A. C., et al., Free Convection in Oblique Enclosures Filled with a Porous Medium, International Journal Heat Mass Transfer, 42 (1999), 6, pp. 1047-1057
- Sheremet, M. A., et al., Free Convection in a Porous Wavy Cavity Filled with a Nanofluid Using Buongiorno's Mathematical Nanofluid Model with Thermal Dispersion Effect, Applied Mathematics Computation, 299 (2017), Apr., pp. 1-15
- Lauriat G., et al., Non-Darcian Effects on Natural Convection in a Vertical Porous Enclosure, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 32 (1989), 11, pp. 2135-2148
- Trevisan, O. V., et al., Mass and Heat Transfer by Natural Convection in a Vertical Slot Filled with Porous Medium, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 29 (1986), 3, pp. 403-415
- Nithiarasu, P., et al., Natural Convective Heat Transfer in a Fluid Saturated Variable Porosity Medium, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 40 (1997), 16, pp. 3955-3967
