THERMAL SCIENCE

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Birol Kilkis

AN EXERGY-RATIONAL DISTRICT ENERGY MODEL FOR 100% RENEWABLE CITIES WITH DISTANCE LIMITATIONS

ABSTRACT
While moving towards 100% renewable district energy systems at low temperatures, the exergy of the district energy may decrease below the pumping exergy requirement, which eliminates the benefits of using low-exergy renewables. Because such a possibility may not be revealed by the First Law, an exergy-based holistic model for district energy systems was developed. Four tiers, namely renewable energy resources, energy conversion and storage, main district network, and the low-exergy district are identified. Each tier is indexed to the optimum plant-to-district distance for maximum exergy-based performance with minimum CO2 emissions responsibility. This model further optimizes the temperature peaking with heat pumps versus HVAC equipment oversizing and determines the optimum mix of renewables. Three alternatives of conveying and distributing exergy to the district were considered, namely: electricity only, electricity and heat with or without temperature peaking or equipment oversizing, and electricity, heat, and cold. Comparisons showed that the choice primarily depends upon the district size, district-to-plant distance, climatic conditions, local availability of RES, optimum supply temperature, and thermal condition of the buildings. Another algorithm optimizes the thermal insulation thickness in terms of equipment oversizing and temperature-peaking.
KEYWORDS
exergy, Low-exergy district energy system, Low-exergy building, Maximum piping distance, Equipment oversizing, Temperature peaking
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2020-04-12
PAPER REVISED: 2020-06-26
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2020-07-07
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2020-09-26
DOI REFERENCE: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI200412287K
CITATION EXPORT: view in browser or download as text file
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR 2020, VOLUME 24, ISSUE Issue 6, PAGES [3685 - 3705]
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An exergy-rational district energy model for 100% renewable cities with distance limitations

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