THERMAL SCIENCE

International Scientific Journal

Authors of this Paper

External Links

Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir

LIGHTNING SEVERITY IN MALAYSIA AND SOME PARAMETERS OF INTEREST FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT
To the electric utility engineer, the parameters of the flash that are of primary interest are the crest current for the first and subsequent strokes, the waveshape of these currents, correlation between the parameters, the number of strokes per flash and flash incidence rates where the ground flash density, denoted as flashes per square km-year and symbolized by Ng. The first three parameters, as we know them today, are to a very large extent based on the measurements of Berger. Berger's masts, 70 and 80 meters high, were mounted atop Mt. San Salvatore (Switzerland), which is 650 meters above Lake Lugano, where it can be readily noted that these 125 records represent one of the best and most extensive set of data available to the industry to date. This paper focuses on the lightning severity scenario in Malaysia, which could also applicable to other tropic countries, and some of the useful parameters for lightning protection system design and forensic study. Some specific engineering applications have also been summarised, taking into account various lightning parameters, available from past and current measurements available.
KEYWORDS
Lightning, lightning parameters, ground flash density, tropic countries, lightning protection
PAPER SUBMITTED: 2015-10-26
PAPER REVISED: 2015-12-07
PAPER ACCEPTED: 2016-01-17
PUBLISHED ONLINE: 2016-02-20
DOI REFERENCE: https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI151026028A
CITATION EXPORT: view in browser or download as text file
THERMAL SCIENCE YEAR 2016, VOLUME 20, ISSUE Supplement 2, PAGES [S437 - S450]
REFERENCES
  1. Murty, O. P., et al., Fatal Lightning Strikes in Malaysia: A Review of 27 Fatalities, Amer. J. Forensic Medicine & Pathology, 30 (2009), 3, pp. 246-251
  2. Chao, T. C., et al., A Study of Lightning Deaths in Singapore, Singapore Medical J., 22 (1981), June, pp. 150-157
  3. Rakov, V. A., Uman, M A., Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007
  4. Hidayat, S., Characteristic of Lightning in Indonesia Observed by Lightning Location System, Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1996
  5. Hamid, E. Y., et al., TRMM/LIS Observations of Lightning Activity over Indonesia and Comparison with Ground-based Measurement Around Java Island, J. Atmos. Electr., 19 (1999), 2, pp. 153-164
  6. Manohar, G. K., Kesarkar, A. P., Climatology of Thunderstorm Activity over the Indian Region: A Study of East-West Contrast, Mausam, 54 (2003), 4, pp. 819-828
  7. Manohar, G. K., Kesarkar, A. P., Climatology of Thunderstorm Activity over the Indian Region: II. Spatial Distribution, Mausam, 54 (2004), 1, pp. 31-40
  8. Gomes, C., Kadir, Z., A Theoretical Approach to Estimate the Annual Lightning Hazards on Human Beings, Atmospheric Research, 101 (2011), 3, pp. 719-725
  9. Asha, N., et al., A Study of Lightning Activity over Land and Oceanic Regions of India, J. Earth System Science, 118 (2009), 5, pp. 467-481
  10. Mir, H., et al., Analysis of Thunderstorms Activity over Pakistan during (1961-2000), Pakistan J. Meteorology, 3 (2006), 5, pp. 13-34
  11. Gomes, C., et al., Lightning Accidents and Awareness in South Asia: Experience in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, Proceedings, 28th Int. Conf. Lightning Protection (ICLP), Kanazawa, Japan, 2006
  12. Shwehdi, M. H., Thunderstorm Distribution and Frequency in Saudi Arabia, J. Geophysical Eng., 2 (2005), Aug., pp. 252-267
  13. Ferrett, R. L., Ojala, C. F., The Lightning Hazard in Michigan, Michigan Academician, 24 (1992), pp. 427-441
  14. Elsom, D. M., Deaths and Injuries Caused by Lightning in the United Kingdom: Analyses of Two Databases, Atmospheric Research, 56 (2001), 1, pp 325-334
  15. Gomes, C,. et al., Lightning Accidents and Awareness in South Asia: Experience in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, Proceedings, 28th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP), Kanazawa, Japan, 2006
  16. Berger, K., et al., Parameters of Lightning Flashes, ELECTRA, 41 (1975), 1, pp. 23-37
  17. Anderson, R. B., Eriksson, A. J., Lightning Parameters for Engineering Application, ELECTRA, 69 (1980), 1, pp. 65-101
  18. ***, IEEE Standard 1410-2010, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines, 2010
  19. Anderson, R. B., et al., Lightning and Thunderstorm Parameters, IEE Conference Publication no. 236, Lightning and Power Systems, London, 1984, pp. 57-61
  20. ***, CIGRE Task Force C4.01.02-B, Torres, H. (Chair), Ground Flash Density: Definition of the Appropriate Grid Size and a Proposal of Relationship Ng vs. Td for Tropical Zones, Activity Report, CIGRE WG C4.01 Meeting, Dallas, Texas, Sept. 2003
  21. ***, MS IEC Standard 62305-2. Protection against Lightning, Part 2: Risk Management, 2007
  22. ***, Energy Commission of Malaysia. Guide on Lightning Protection System for Buildings. ISBN:978-967-12023-4-0. 2014
  23. ***, IEEE Std 1243-1997. IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines, 1997
  24. ***, IEC Standard 62305-1: 2010. Protection against Lightning, Part 1: General Principles, Edition 2.0., 2010
  25. ***, IEC Standard 62305-2: 2010. Protection against Lightning, Part 2: Risk Management, Edition 2.0., 2010
  26. ***, IEC Standard 62305-3: 2010. Protection against Lightning, Part 3: Physical Damage to Structures and Life Hazard, Edition 2.0., 2010
  27. ***, IEC Standard 62305-4: 2010. Protection against Lightning, Part 4: Electrical and Electronic Systems within Structures, Edition 2.0., 2010
  28. Hileman, A. R. Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, Marcel Dekker, New York, SAD, 1999
  29. Popolansky, F., Frequency Distribution of Lightning Currents, Electra, 22 (1972), 2, pp. 139-147
  30. ***, CIGRE WG C4.407, Technical Brochure 549. Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications, 61 p., 2013
  31. Berger, K., et al., Parameters of Lightning Flashes, Electra, 80 (1975), 1, pp. 23-37
  32. Dellera, L., et al., Lightning Protection of Structures. Part IV: Lightning Current Parameters, Energia Elettrica, 62(1985), 11, pp. 447-461
  33. Geldenhys, H. T., et al., Fifteen Years of Data of Lightning Current Measurements on 60 m mast. South African Institute of Electrical Engineers. Transactions, 80 (1989), 1, pp. 98-103
  34. Takami, J., Okabe, S., Observational Results of Lightning Current on Transmission Towers, IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, 22 (2007), 1, pp. 547-556
  35. Visacro, S., et al., Updated Statistics of Lightning Currents Measured at Morro do Cachimbo Station, Atmospheric Research, 117 (2012), Nov, pp. 55-63
  36. ***, CIGRE WG 33.01, Report 63. Guide to Procedures for Estimating the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines, 1991
  37. Diendorfer, G., Some Parameters of Negative Upward-Initiated Lightning to the Gaisberg Tower (2000–2007), IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 51 (2009), 3, pp. 443-452
  38. Schoene, J., et al., Characterization of Return-Stroke Currents in Rocket-Triggered Lightning, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114 (2009), D3, pp. D03106
  39. ***, CIGRÉ Working Group 33.01, Technical Brochure 63. Guide to Procedures for Estimating the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines, 1991
  40. Weidman, C. D., Krider, E. P., The Radiation Field Waveforms Produced by Intracloud Lightning Discharge Processes, J. Geophys. Res., 84 (1979), June, pp. 3159-3164
  41. Le Vine, D. M., et al., Comparison of Fast Electric Field Changes from Subsequent Return Strokes of Natural and Triggered Lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 94 (1989), 13, pp. 259-265
  42. Cooray, V., Lundquist, S., On the Characteristics of Some Radiation Fields from Lightning and Their Possible Origin in Ground Flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 87 (1982), 11, pp. 203-214
  43. Villanueva Y., et al., Microsecond-Scale Electric Field Pulses in Cloud Lightning Discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 99 (1994), 14, pp. 353-367
  44. Sharma, S. R, et al., Signatures of Electric Field Pulses Generated by Cloud Flashes, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terresterial Physics, 67 (2005), 4, pp. 413-422
  45. Bodhika, J. P., et al., Characteristics of Cloud Flashes Inferred from Measurements of Electric Fields over Sri Lanka a Tropical Country, Proceedings, 28th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Kanazawa, Japan, 2006
  46. Ahmad, N. A, et al., The First Electric Field Pulse of Cloud and Cloud-To-Ground Lightning Discharges, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terresterial Physics, 72 (2010), 2-3, pp. 143-150
  47. Hamzah, M. N., et al., Unique Stroke-Multiplicity of Positive Lightning in Malaysia, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 793 (2015), 1, Sept., pp. 39-43
  48. Qie, X., et al., Characteristics of Positive Cloud To-ground Lightning in Da Hinggan Ling Forest Region at Relatively High Latitude, Northeastern China, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118 (2013), 13, pp. 393-404
  49. Nag, A., Rakov, V. A., Positive Lightning: An Overview, New Observations, and Inferences, J. Geophys. Res., 117 (2012), D8
  50. Saba, M. M. F., et al., High-Speed Video Observations of Positive Lightning Flashes to Ground, J. Geophys. Res., 115 (2010), D24, pp. 201-225
  51. Fleenor, S., et al., Characteristics of Cloud-To-Ground Lightning in Warm-Season Thunderstorms in the Central Great Plains, Atmospheric Research, 91 (2009), 2-4, pp. 333-352
  52. Heidler, F., Hopf, C., Measurement Results of the Electric Fields in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Nearby Munich, Germany, IEEE Transactions On Electromagnetic Compatibility, 40 (1998), 4, pp. 436-443
  53. ***, CIGRE Task Force 33.01.03, TB 118. Lightning Exposure of Structures and Interception Efficiency of Air Terminals, 1997
  54. ***, CIGRE Task Force 33.01.02, Characterization of Lightning for Applications in Electric Power Systems, 2000
  55. ***, CIGRE WG C4.302. Insulation Co-Ordination Related to Internal Insulation of Gas Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures under AC Condition, 2008
  56. ***, CIGRE WG C4.408. Protection of MV and LV Networks Against Lightning – Part 1: Common topics, 2006
  57. ***, CIGRE WG C4.402. Protection of Medium Voltage and Low Voltage Networks against Lightning, 2010
PDF VERSION [DOWNLOAD]
Lightning severity in Malaysia and some parameters of interest for engineering applications

© 2024 Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia. Published by the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International licence