TY - JOUR
TI - Outdoor testing of photovoltaic modules during summer in Taxila, Pakistan
AU - Ali Hafiz Muhammad
AU - Mahmood Mubashar
AU - Bashir Muhammad Anser
AU - Ali Muzaffar
AU - Siddiqui Aysha Maryam
JN - Thermal Science
PY - 2016
VL - 20
IS - 1
SP - 165
EP - 173
PT - Article
AB - An experimental study has been carried out to measure the performance of  commercially available photovoltaic modules during summer months in the  climate of Taxila, near the capital of Pakistan. The modules used in the  study are monocrystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) and  single junction amorphous silicon (a-Si). The analysis has been focused on  the measurement of module efficiency, performance ratio and temperature of  each module at actual operating conditions using outdoor monitoring facility.  The measured results are compared with the already published data of peak  winter month at the same site. Overall, the monocrystalline module showed  high average module efficiency while amorphous silicon module was better in  term of average performance ratio. Furthermore, the module efficiency and  performance ratio has shown decreasing trend with increase of module  temperature. It was found that modules have much higher temperature in summer  months (about 20°C higher) and showed low efficiency and performance ratio  than peak winter month. The average ambient temperature varied from 18.1°C to  38.6°C from winter to summer.